If the machine has seized, don't keep pressing the foot pedal or forcing the handwheel. Continuing to force a jammed machine can cause damage that makes the problem much worse.

• Turn the machine off before doing anything else
• Wait a moment before attempting to clear the jam

A thread nest jammed in the hook assembly is the most common cause of a machine seizing. Clearing it properly is the key step.

• If your machine has an auto thread cutter, don't use it to try to clear the jam — attempting to cut through multiple layers of tangled thread can jam the cutter mechanism as well, leaving you with two problems instead of one
• Remove the presser foot, needle plate and bobbin case and carefully remove all thread and fabric
• Use small scissors or tweezers to work through the tangle — never pull aggressively as this can damage the hook
• Take your time and make sure the area is completely clear before reassembling

A bent needle can catch on the bobbin case or hook and lock the machine. Even if the needle looks straight, replace it — it's not worth the risk of it causing another jam.

• Remove the needle and inspect it for any bending or damage
• Fit a fresh needle, making sure it's fully inserted with the flat side to the back

While the bobbin case is out, take a moment to check it and the hook assembly for any damage that may have been caused by the jam.

• Look for any cracks, burrs or bent sections on the bobbin case
• Check the hook area for visible damage or rough spots
• A damaged bobbin case should be replaced before sewing again — sewing with a damaged case can cause further jams

A threading mistake is often what caused the jam in the first place. Once everything is clear and reassembled, re-thread completely before trying again.

• Raise the presser foot before re-threading so the tension discs open properly
• Re-thread both the top and bobbin threads carefully, following your machine's threading path

Before switching the machine back on, turn the handwheel slowly towards you by hand. It should move freely and smoothly.

• If it turns freely, the jam is cleared and you can proceed
• If it's still stiff or won't turn at all, there may be a deeper mechanical issue that needs a service — don't force it

If the machine runs but won't sew properly after clearing the jam, check that no settings were accidentally changed.

• Check the feed dogs are raised and haven't been switched to darning or free-motion mode
• Make sure the correct presser foot is attached for the stitch you're using
• Check the stitch selector hasn't been moved during the jam

Before returning to your project, sew a few lines on scrap fabric. Confirm the machine runs smoothly, the handwheel turns freely as it sews, and stitches are forming cleanly on both sides.